Paradigms of Programming language

Programming paradigms refers to how a program is written in order to solve a problem. Essentially, it is a way to think about programs and programming. It refers to the approach to developing a program in order to solve a given problem.

A programming paradigms also known as programming methodology describe the structure of a program. In other words, it determines how the instructions are placed in a program.

Each programming language follows one or another programming paradigm. There is no specific rule to decide which programming paradigm is to be followed as a different paradigm can be used to develop different software.

However whatever paradigm is followed, some of the quality issues of software must be kept in mind. This includes correctness, usefulness, robustness, maintainability, reusability, portability, reliability, and interoperability of the software.

Some of the paradigms are:

1. Unstructured programming paradigm:-

In an unstructured programming paradigm all the instructions of a program are written one after the other in a single function and hence suitable for writing only small and simple applications. For large applications, unstructured programming paradigms cause difficulties in terms of clarity of the code, modifiability, and ease of use. Although this type of programming paradigm is not recommended, still most programmers start learning to program using this technique.

2. Structured programming paradigm:-

The structured programming paradigm involves building programs using small modules. The modules are easy to read and write. In it, the problem is to solve is broken down into small tasks are combined together to form the compiler task. A structured programming paradigm can be performed in tow ways: procedural programming paradigm and modular programming paradigm.

• Procedural programming paradigm:-

  Procedural programming is a programming paradigm based on the concept of the procedure call. The procedure is also known as routines, subroutines, methods, or functions simply contains a series of computational steps to be carried out. Any given procedure might be called at any point during a program’s execution, including by other procedures or itself. After the series of computational steps are processed in the procedure, the flow of program execution continues from where the call was made.

• Modular programming paradigm:-

  The program is written with procedural paradigm usually fits into a single program file and it is meant for relatively smaller program file and it is meant for relatively smaller programs. If the program gets large, then a modular way of programming paradigm is recommended. The modular programming paradigm is subdividing the program into separate small programs called modules. Each module is designed to perform specific functions. Modules make the actual program shorter, hence easier to read and understand. A defined function or set of similar functions is coded in a separate module or submodule, which means that code can be loaded into memory more efficiently and that modules can reuse in other programs. After a module has been tested individually, it is then integrated with other modules into the overall program structure.

• Object-oriented programming paradigm:-

The procedural programming paradigm separates the data of the program from the operations that manipulate the data. However, in an object-oriented programming paradigm, the data and the operations that manipulate the data (the code) are both encapsulated in the object. An object-oriented programming paradigm is a programming paradigm that uses such objects and their interactions to design applications and computer programs. It is based on several techniques, including inheritance, modularity, polymorphism, and encapsulation.